ETL data integration: Streamline your data pipeline for better insights
NOV. 8, 2024
Efficient data integration is the backbone of every data-driven organization, transforming scattered information into a powerful asset.
ETL—Extract, Transform, Load—has evolved into a core process that enables businesses to consolidate, cleanse, and structure data, unlocking its full potential for analysis and decision-making. For companies looking to gain actionable insights and foster growth, ETL offers a streamlined, unified view of information and ready-to-power strategies and drives informed choices across all levels of an organization.
Key takeaways
- 1. ETL data integration provides a structured approach to consolidate, clean, and load data, ensuring high-quality information for decision-making.
- 2. The ETL process, with its extraction, transformation, and loading phases, is essential for creating a unified view of data across various sources.
- 3. ETL architecture includes three distinct layers—extraction, transformation, and load—each optimizing data flow and accuracy.
- 4. ETL is ideal for on-premises environments needing high data quality, while ELT suits cloud-based systems with scalable processing power.
- 5. Modern ETL tools enhance scalability, speed, and cost efficiency by automating complex transformations and managing large data volumes.
What is ETL data integration?
ETL data integration is a comprehensive framework for managing and processing data, enabling organizations to derive meaningful insights from their raw information. The ETL process consists of three distinct stages:
Extraction
The extraction phase is the cornerstone of the ETL process, where raw data is gathered from multiple, often disparate, sources. These sources can range from traditional relational databases and cloud-based applications to CRM systems and external APIs. Because data is frequently stored in incompatible formats across different platforms, extraction ensures that all relevant data is collected uniformly. By centralizing data retrieval, this phase minimizes data silos, paving the way for a unified and holistic view that supports the entire integration process.
Transformation
Data enters the transformation stage following extraction, where it is refined to fit the organization’s specific requirements. Transformation encompasses a range of activities, including data cleaning, where errors, inconsistencies, and duplicates are removed to enhance data quality. Additional steps involve aligning formats, applying necessary business rules, and merging datasets into a coherent structure. This phase ensures that data is reliable, accurate, and relevant, turning raw information into valuable assets ready for analysis. Transformation is pivotal to successful data integration, as it delivers data that decision-makers can trust.
Loading
In the final loading phase, transformed data is moved into a designated target system, often a data warehouse, cloud-based storage, or an analytics platform. This step is vital because it positions the data for seamless access by business intelligence and reporting tools. By storing all information in a centralized repository, loading creates a single source of truth where stakeholders can quickly access comprehensive insights. This streamlined data availability empowers organizations to confidently make data-driven decisions, ensuring that insights are both actionable and timely.
ETL data integration enables organizations to combine data from diverse sources into a single, cohesive view, laying the groundwork for data analytics, reporting, and business intelligence. By consolidating data in this way, companies can achieve consistency and accuracy in their analytics efforts, supporting better decision-making and operational efficiency.
ETL is especially vital for companies that handle large volumes of data from multiple departments or sources, as it allows for structured integration that eliminates data silos. ETL ensures data remains reliable, up-to-date, and ready for strategic decisions in industries where insights and accuracy are paramount—such as finance, healthcare, and retail.
"ETL—Extract, Transform, Load—has evolved into a core process that enables businesses to consolidate, cleanse, and structure data, unlocking its full potential for analysis and decision-making."
Importance of ETL in data integration
As organizations generate more data from an ever-increasing number of sources, consolidating this information into a coherent view becomes a significant challenge. Each data source—from CRM systems to ERP platforms, social media, and external APIs—adds unique formats, structures, and inconsistencies, creating a fragmented view that can hinder effective decision-making. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) addresses this challenge by providing a structured framework that harmonizes disparate data sources, delivering a unified and reliable repository of information.
Enhanced data accuracy and consistency
ETL ensures that data collected from multiple systems is accurate and consistent. By standardizing and cleaning data, the ETL process removes redundancies and inconsistencies that can lead to conflicting information across departments or teams. This transformation creates a “single source of truth” for the organization, where data reflects reality without duplications or errors. As a result, all stakeholders work with the same high-quality information, reducing the likelihood of discrepancies that could compromise strategic decisions. This unified data not only supports internal alignment but also strengthens external reporting, compliance, and customer insights by presenting consistent, trustworthy information.
Increased efficiency in data access
With data stored across isolated systems, retrieving and analyzing information can be labor-intensive and prone to inaccuracies. ETL simplifies this by automating the data collection and processing steps, making information easily accessible from a central repository, whether a data warehouse or a cloud-based analytics platform. Centralized data improves efficiency across reporting and analytics functions, reducing the time it takes to pull data together for insights. This accelerated access to data enables business intelligence teams and analysts to spend more time interpreting and strategizing rather than struggling to access or format data. In industries with fast-paced decision-making requirements, such as finance, healthcare, or retail, this efficiency becomes a competitive advantage, allowing companies to act swiftly and accurately.
Improved decision-making through data quality
High-quality data is essential for making reliable business decisions. ETL enhances data quality by enforcing consistent formats, eliminating duplicate records, and ensuring data aligns with organizational rules and standards. As a result, the data flowing into analytical and reporting tools is more reliable and relevant. With a trusted foundation of high-quality data, decision-makers can confidently implement strategies, allocate resources, and pursue new opportunities, knowing that accurate insights back them. Furthermore, improved data quality is also essential for regulatory compliance, ensuring that information in reports, audits, and public disclosures is complete and error-free. This benefit is particularly valuable in highly regulated industries, where inaccuracies can lead to severe penalties and reputational damage.
Scalable data management for business growth
As businesses expand, the volume and variety of data they handle naturally increase, challenging traditional data management practices. ETL provides a scalable solution for handling these expanding data demands, enabling organizations to efficiently integrate new data sources and larger volumes without disrupting existing processes. This scalability ensures that the organization’s data infrastructure can keep pace with business growth, supporting more comprehensive and detailed analysis as needs evolve. Scalable ETL systems also accommodate cloud-based storage solutions, which can expand dynamically with data needs, further enhancing the organization’s ability to adapt and innovate.
ETL data integration is a method for consolidating diverse data sources and a strategic enabler of accuracy, efficiency, quality, and scalability. By transforming raw data into a unified resource, ETL empowers organizations to make timely, informed decisions that drive business outcomes while building a resilient data architecture that can adapt to future demands.
ETL architecture
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) architecture serves as the backbone for data integration and analytics within organizations. Its design ensures that raw data is processed, transformed, and delivered in a structured format suitable for insights and decision-making. A standard ETL process involves three distinct areas:
1. Landing area
The landing area is the initial repository for raw data collected from various sources, such as databases, APIs, or cloud applications. This area acts as temporary storage, holding unprocessed data before transformation begins. Common implementations of landing areas include object storage systems like Amazon S3 or data lakes such as Microsoft Azure Data Lake. By centralizing raw data, the landing area ensures a structured start for the ETL pipeline and facilitates subsequent operations like validation and transformation.
2. Staging area
In the staging area, extracted data undergoes transformations to meet the specific needs of the business. The processes here include:
- Data cleaning: Removing inconsistencies, duplicates, and inaccuracies.
- Data mapping: Aligning disparate data formats into a unified schema.
- Data aggregation: Summarizing data into meaningful metrics, such as monthly sales figures.
- Data normalization: Ensuring uniformity in data structure and format.
The staging area is critical for ensuring that only high-quality, relevant, and structured data moves forward in the pipeline.
3. Data warehouse area
The data warehouse area serves as the final destination for transformed data. This repository is optimized for analytical queries and reporting. By organizing data into a structured schema, the data warehouse supports:
- Rapid data retrieval for business intelligence tools.
- Aggregated views for dashboards and analytics platforms.
- Compliance with data governance and lineage requirements.
Lambda architecture
Lambda architecture comprises three interconnected layers: the batch layer, speed layer, and serving layer.
- The batch layer processes large volumes of historical data in batches, creating a comprehensive "batch view" that captures trends and historical metrics. This layer ensures data accuracy and completeness, typically utilizing distributed file systems and batch processing frameworks like Apache Hadoop or Apache Spark to handle the significant processing load.
- The speed layer focuses on real-time data streams, providing up-to-date insights by processing incoming data almost instantaneously. It generates a "real-time view" of events as they occur, making it essential for applications requiring immediate responsiveness. This layer often employs stream processing tools such as Apache Storm or Apache Flink to achieve rapid data transformation and analysis.
- The serving layer integrates the outputs from the batch and speed layers to produce a unified, comprehensive view of the data. It stores the processed data in a structure optimized for fast and efficient querying, leveraging NoSQL databases like Apache Cassandra or HBase to ensure quick access to both historical and real-time insights. Together, these layers enable Lambda architecture to deliver both the depth of historical analysis and the immediacy of real-time data processing.
Building effective ETL architecture
To design a successful ETL architecture, organizations should:
- Align with business needs: Define goals and target outcomes to shape the architecture.
- Identify data sources: Understand the origin and structure of incoming data.
- Ensure data quality: Implement validation checks and cleansing mechanisms.
- Optimize for target systems: Tailor the pipeline to the capabilities of data warehouses or lakes.
- Choose batch vs. streaming ETL: Select an approach based on use cases, balancing between periodic updates and real-time processing needs.
By focusing on these core areas and principles, ETL architecture supports seamless data integration, high-quality analytics, and actionable business insights.
ETL vs. ELT: key differences and use cases
While both ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) and ELT (Extract, Load, Transform) methods are designed to support data integration, their approach to processing data differs significantly. The choice between ETL and ELT largely depends on the data quality structure, data needs, and the type of analysis required. Each method has distinct advantages and drawbacks, making them suitable for different types of environments and use cases.
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
In the ETL process, data is first extracted from various sources, then transformed into a usable format, and finally loaded into the target system, such as an on-premises database or data warehouse. This approach is especially advantageous when working with systems that prioritize data quality and consistency before the data reaches its final destination. ETL is often used in industries where data integrity is crucial—such as finance, healthcare, and retail—because it ensures that data is cleansed, formatted, and verified before entering storage. Since transformations happen before loading, ETL is well-suited for complex, rule-based data processes that require standardization and validation upfront.
In on-premises environments, where storage and computing resources may be limited, ETL ensures that only relevant, clean, and structured data is loaded into the database, optimizing storage efficiency. However, due to the complexity of transformations, ETL can be resource-intensive, requiring significant processing power and storage during the transformation phase.
ELT (Extract, Load, Transform)
ELT reverses the traditional ETL sequence, loading raw data into the target system first and performing transformations within the system itself. This approach is widely used in cloud-based data warehouses, where storage is scalable and computational power can be provisioned dynamically. In ELT, raw data is extracted and quickly loaded into the data warehouse or cloud platform, where transformation happens post-loading. ELT is particularly beneficial for handling large volumes of unstructured data or data that requires minimal cleaning before analysis, as cloud data warehouses can handle the transformations at scale without performance bottlenecks.
One of ELT’s primary strengths is its efficiency with large datasets. By loading data directly into a high-capacity cloud storage environment, ELT minimizes time-to-insight, enabling data to be available almost immediately for analysis, even before transformations are applied. However, ELT may pose challenges in environments that require strict data governance, as raw data is loaded without extensive upfront cleaning or validation. This can lead to potential issues with data quality if transformations aren’t effectively managed in the cloud environment.
Pros and cons of ETL and ELT
Method | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
ETL | Ensures high data quality and structure upfront, making it suitable for industries with strict data governance requirements (e.g., finance, healthcare). Well-suited for complex transformations that require thorough data validation before entering the target system. Enables efficient storage management by loading only necessary, clean data into on-premises systems. | Transformations can be resource-intensive during the transformation phase, requiring substantial storage and processing power. Due to processing constraints, they are not as efficient for handling extremely large or unstructured datasets. Transformations can also delay data availability in the target system, making them slower than ELT for real-time analytics. |
ELT | Efficiently handles large datasets, leveraging cloud scalability for on-demand processing power. Faster time-to-insight, as data is available for analysis immediately after loading, even before transformation. Allows flexibility with unstructured or semi-structured data, making it suitable for big data analytics. Reduces the need for extensive storage planning since transformations occur in the cloud. | Limited control over data quality before loading, which can be an issue for industries with stringent compliance requirements. Transformation processes may become costly in a cloud environment if not optimized, especially when handling large datasets. Requires robust governance and monitoring to ensure data quality is maintained throughout the transformation phase. |
Choosing between ETL and ELT
Organizations selecting between ETL and ELT should consider their specific requirements, such as data quality standards, infrastructure capabilities, and the nature of the data being processed. ETL is an excellent choice for companies that require high data quality and structured transformations before storage, especially in industries with strict regulatory standards. ELT, on the other hand, is ideal for businesses that prioritize rapid access to data and have the flexibility of cloud resources to manage transformations post-loading.
Ultimately, both ETL and ELT have their place in modern data architecture, and many organizations use a combination of both methods to suit different datasets or analytical needs.
"ETL simplifies data accessibility and consistency, removing the need for manual data collection and processing and allowing teams to focus on analysis rather than data preparation."
Benefits of ETL data integration
ETL data integration offers significant advantages to organizations, from enhanced decision-making to streamlined regulatory compliance. By structuring and consolidating data from multiple sources, ETL ensures that businesses operate with accurate, consistent, and actionable insights. The benefits of ETL integration are both strategic and operational, translating directly to improved efficiency and better data-driven decision-making across the organization.
Corporate benefits
One of the primary advantages of ETL data integration is the ability to drive enhanced decision-making. ETL consolidates data from various departments and systems into a unified, consistent format. This integration provides executives and managers with a holistic view of the organization, enabling them to make decisions based on reliable data. With all information centralized and harmonized, ETL eliminates the inconsistencies and discrepancies that can arise when data is spread across different sources. This unified view allows leadership to identify trends, address gaps, and develop strategies that align with the company’s long-term goals.
Another key benefit is operational efficiency. ETL workflows streamline data accessibility and consistency, removing the need for manual data collection and processing. By automating the transformation and loading stages, ETL saves valuable time and resources, allowing teams to focus on analysis rather than data preparation. This efficiency is critical for departments that rely on fast, accurate insights to drive day-to-day operations. For example, marketing teams can quickly access consolidated customer data, while supply chain teams can monitor real-time inventory levels, all thanks to streamlined ETL processes.
Regulatory compliance is also a major advantage of ETL. Organizations in highly regulated sectors, such as healthcare and finance, must adhere to strict data standards, including GDPR and HIPAA requirements. ETL frameworks simplify data governance by enforcing consistent data quality, storage, and reporting standards across the organization. By centralizing and standardizing data, ETL reduces the risks associated with non-compliance and makes it easier for businesses to meet auditing and reporting obligations, ultimately minimizing the potential for costly penalties.
Benefits of ETL tools
Modern ETL tools add another layer of efficiency and capability by automating much of the ETL process. This automation reduces manual intervention, which in turn minimizes the risk of human error and improves data reliability. Scalability is a key advantage of ETL tools, as they can handle vast volumes of data across different sources. With scalable ETL tools, organizations can easily manage increasing data loads as they grow, ensuring that the ETL pipeline can adapt to new data requirements and business demands.
Another benefit is the improved speed of processing that ETL tools provide. These tools can process and transfer data in real-time analytics or near real time, enabling organizations to perform analytics on fresh data and make timely decisions. Real-time ETL capabilities are especially valuable in industries where quick data access is essential, such as e-commerce, finance, and logistics.
ETL tools also reduce operational costs by minimizing the need for custom in-house development and dedicated resources. Pre-built ETL solutions come with various features, including data mapping, transformation rules, and automated error detection, which reduce the need for costly manual processes. By providing pre-configured components for everyday tasks, ETL tools allow businesses to allocate their technical resources more efficiently, focusing on high-impact projects instead of routine data processing tasks.
Challenges in the ETL process
Despite its benefits, ETL can present challenges that affect its effectiveness. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is essential for maintaining a reliable and efficient ETL pipeline.
One of the common issues in ETL processes is data compatibility across sources. With data originating from multiple systems, formats, and structures, compatibility issues can arise, making it difficult to extract and transform data consistently. For instance, date formats, currency units, and field names may vary significantly across systems, leading to discrepancies when merging data.
Transformation complexities are another challenge. Each data source may require unique transformation rules, especially when integrating structured and unstructured data. These complexities can make the ETL process cumbersome, requiring extensive configuration to ensure data is accurately formatted and aligned with organizational standards.
Another challenge is data loading failures due to system limitations or data structure issues. For instance, loading large datasets into a data warehouse can strain the system, leading to partial or failed data transfers. This can disrupt workflows, delay data availability, and affect data accuracy.
Lastly, performance bottlenecks are a frequent challenge, particularly when handling large volumes of data. These bottlenecks can slow down data processing and loading, impacting the timeliness of insights and disrupting real-time analytics.
Solutions to ETL problems
To address these challenges, many organizations turn to advanced ETL tools with specialized capabilities. Automated data mapping is a powerful feature in modern ETL tools that ensures compatibility by standardizing field names, data types, and formats across sources, reducing manual mapping, and minimizing discrepancies.
Incremental data loading is another solution, especially useful for large datasets. Instead of reloading the entire dataset, incremental loading updates only the new or modified data, enhancing efficiency and reducing processing time. This method is particularly effective in real-time or high-frequency environments, where full data reloads would be impractical.
Parallel processing is a technique that addresses performance bottlenecks by dividing data into smaller chunks and processing them simultaneously. By distributing the workload across multiple processors, parallel processing improves data transformation and loading speed and efficiency, ensuring timely data availability for analysis.
Data analytics techniques and tools
Data analytics relies on various techniques and tools to handle data effectively and generate insights. Each tool and technique is suited to specific data types and objectives, from summarizing trends to predictive modeling.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis is foundational to data analytics, using mathematical methods to summarize and interpret data. By calculating metrics like mean, median, standard deviation, and correlation, statistical analysis helps identify patterns and relationships in the data.
Examples of statistical techniques include:
- Descriptive statistics: Summarizes data, providing insight into central tendencies and variability.
- Inferential statistics: Draws conclusions about a larger population based on a sample, helping to generalize findings.
- Regression analysis: Examines relationships between variables, enabling prediction and trend identification.
Statistical analysis is essential for transforming raw data into meaningful summaries, which support deeper analytical exploration.
Machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve predictions or actions over time. By training algorithms on large datasets, ML models can identify complex patterns and make accurate predictions.
Key machine learning methods include:
- Supervised learning: Models are trained with labeled data to make predictions, such as classifying customer segments or forecasting sales.
- Unsupervised learning: Algorithms identify patterns in unlabeled data, often used for clustering and anomaly detection.
- Reinforcement learning: Models learn by receiving feedback on actions, useful for optimizing complex processes like inventory management.
Machine learning is a powerful tool in data analytics, especially in predictive and prescriptive analytics, enabling organizations to automate and enhance decision-making processes.
Data visualization
Data visualization transforms data into graphical representations, making it easier to interpret and communicate complex information. By using charts, graphs, heatmaps, and dashboards, data visualization tools provide a visual summary of insights, helping stakeholders understand trends at a glance.
Popular data visualization tools include:
- Tableau: Offers interactive dashboards and a wide range of chart options, making it popular for exploratory data analysis.
- Power BI: Microsoft’s tool integrates well with other Microsoft products, ideal for enterprise reporting.
- D3.js: A JavaScript library that enables custom, web-based visualizations for unique, dynamic graphics.
Visualizations make data more accessible, aiding in quicker decision-making and helping non-technical stakeholders engage with the data’s story.
Natural language processing (NLP)
Natural language processing (NLP) focuses on analyzing and understanding human language, enabling computers to interpret and respond to text or voice data. NLP is valuable in applications where language-based data is abundant, such as customer feedback, social media, and customer service interactions.
Key NLP techniques include:
- Sentiment analysis: Determines whether language expresses positive, negative, or neutral emotions, useful in customer feedback analysis.
- Entity recognition: Identifies specific elements within text, such as names, dates, and locations.
- Topic modeling: Categorizes large sets of text data based on themes or topics, allowing businesses to understand common subjects of interest.
NLP helps businesses gain insights from unstructured text data, improving customer service, monitoring brand sentiment, and identifying emerging topics.
Text mining
Text mining is extracting valuable information from unstructured text data, often used alongside NLP. It involves parsing large volumes of text to find trends, keywords, or correlations that reveal actionable insights. This technique is especially useful for analyzing customer reviews, feedback forms, emails, and other written sources.
Text mining methods include:
- Keyword extraction: Identifies the most common or relevant words in a dataset.
- Clustering: Groups text data based on similarities, helping to categorize feedback or comments.
- Document summarization: Condenses large documents into concise summaries, useful for quickly understanding long reports or articles.
Text mining allows organizations to transform textual information into quantitative data, enabling insights that support decision-making in areas like customer experience, marketing, and product development.
These techniques and tools collectively empower organizations to harness data analytics effectively, turning raw data into actionable insights that drive competitive advantage and strategic growth. By choosing the right mix of methods, businesses can align their analytics processes with their unique objectives, ensuring maximum value from their data investments.
ETL pipelines and orchestration
Building and managing an ETL pipeline is essential for ensuring efficient and reliable data processing.
- Building an ETL pipeline: A robust ETL pipeline starts with defining source systems, configuring extraction processes, and applying transformation rules before loading data into the target system. Automating these steps enhances accuracy, consistency, and scalability.
- ETL pipeline orchestration: Orchestrating the ETL pipeline involves managing dependencies, scheduling tasks, and monitoring its flow to maintain smooth data operations. Effective orchestration allows organizations to address issues in real time, minimizing disruptions.
- Testing and maintenance of ETL pipelines: To maintain reliability, regular testing and maintenance are critical. ETL testing validates the accuracy, consistency, and completeness of data, while ongoing maintenance ensures the pipeline remains optimized for new data sources and evolving transformation needs.
"By transforming raw data into a unified resource, ETL empowers organizations to make timely, informed decisions that drive business outcomes while building a resilient data architecture that can adapt to future demands."
Importance of ETL testing
ETL testing offers several important benefits. First, it ensures data integrity by verifying that transformations accurately represent the source data, preserving the quality needed for reliable insights. Testing also contributes to error reduction by catching issues early, reducing the likelihood of data corruption or discrepancies downstream. For organizations subject to regulatory compliance, ETL testing supports accuracy in reporting, helping them meet industry standards and regulatory requirements with confidence.
Best practices for ETL maintenance
Implementing best practices for ETL maintenance can greatly enhance the pipeline’s effectiveness. One of these best practices is to monitor performance metrics regularly, tracking indicators such as processing time, error rates, and data loading speeds to identify potential bottlenecks before they affect operations. Another essential practice is to document transformation rules thoroughly, creating a reference for troubleshooting and simplifying future updates. Planning for scalability is also vital; organizations should build flexibility into the pipeline design to handle future growth, new data sources, and increased data volumes.
Real-world examples of ETL in action
ETL is widely used across industries to address complex data challenges and deliver actionable insights.
In healthcare, for example, ETL processes enable hospitals to integrate patient data from multiple systems, creating a single, comprehensive patient view. This unified data allows healthcare providers to make more informed treatment decisions, improve patient outcomes, and streamline administrative processes.
ETL plays a crucial role in compiling and organizing financial data in the finance industry. Banks and financial institutions use ETL to aggregate data from various sources, such as transaction logs, customer records, and market data. This integration helps them monitor trends, perform risk assessments, and meet compliance standards more efficiently, making it easier to respond to regulatory audits.
Retailers leverage ETL to consolidate sales data, allowing them to analyze customer preferences, manage inventory levels, and refine marketing strategies. By transforming raw sales data into structured insights, ETL helps retailers understand purchasing patterns, forecast demand, and optimize their supply chains, ultimately enhancing the customer experience and boosting profitability.
These examples highlight ETL’s versatility and value in transforming raw data into structured, actionable insights, empowering companies to make informed decisions, adapt to changing markets, and gain a competitive edge.
Lumenalta continues to lead businesses on a brighter path to digital transformation. With our expertise in data integration and ETL tools, we help companies streamline data workflows, making insights available in real time. We prioritize scalable, high-impact solutions that align with your operational needs and drive continuous growth.
Table of contents
- What is ETL data integration?
- Importance of ETL in data integration
- ETL architecture
- ETL vs. ELT: key differences and use cases
- Benefits of ETL data integration
- Challenges in the ETL process
- ETL pipelines and orchestration
- Importance of ETL testing
- Real-world examples of ETL in action
- Common questions about ETL data integration
Common questions about ETL data integration
What is ETL data integration, and why is it essential?
How does the ETL process work, and what are its main stages?
What is the difference between ETL and ELT, and which one should my organization use?
What are the benefits of using ETL tools for data integration?
What are the common challenges in ETL data integration, and how can they be solved?
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